ABSTRACT
Metabolic diseases are one of the problems in public health and become the major causes of mortality. These have ledthe scientist to solve the metabolic disease-related problems by exploring some natural medicine and phytochemicalsto prevent and to treat them. One of the plant medicines potential to be developed is Garcinia mangostana L. ormangosteen which belongs to the family Clusiaceae. The underutilized part of the fruit including pericarp and seed isa promising candidate as herbal medicine, particularly to treat and to prevent the metabolic diseases. This review wasaimed to update some research findings regarding the biological activities of the underutilized parts of mangosteen(pericarp and seed) along with phytochemical components. During this review, some information which are relevantto the study have been compiled using scientific literature from electronic search engines, including ScienceDirect,PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and other scientific electronic resources. Additional literature works wereobtained from book chapters, books, websites, government reports, and other related sources. The underutilized partof mangosteen fruit is rich in xanthone derivatives as value-added constituents. The pericarp and seed also containthe derivatives of benzophenones, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. This study highlighted on the possible medicinalproperties, especially for metabolic diseases such as obesity and lipid metabolism disorder, high blood pressure,diabetes along with its complication, and cancer. Besides, toxicological assessments were discussed to ensure thesafety and trust of the consumers.
ABSTRACT
Alpha-mangostin is the major component in Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn) pericarp having severalpharmacological activities including reducing blood pressure, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antioxidants. The objectiveof this study was to develop Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-multivariate calibration of partial least square(PLS) for quantitative analysis of alpha-mangostin and to classify mangosteen pericarp using principal componentanalysis. Mangosteen pericarps from different locations (Java provinces and South Sulawesi, Republic of Indonesia)were extracted using ethanol and were subjected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the analysisof alpha-mangostin and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements. HPLC was used to determinethe levels of alpha-mangostin and used as actual values during FTIR spectroscopy analysis. The prediction of alphamangostin was obtained from the correlation between actual values and FTIR predicted values and facilitated withthe PLS model. The results showed that the wavenumbers region of 3,825–937 cm−1 offered a reliable model with acoefficient correlation (r) value of 0.9927 and root mean square error of calibration of 0.0831%. The validation modelsalso exhibited the accurate and precise results for the prediction of alpha-mangostin with an r-value of 0.9754 androot mean square error of prediction value of 0.174%. Furthermore, the chemometrics of principal component analysisusing variables of absorbances at selected fingerprint (1,000–800 cm−1) could classify mangosteen pericarp fromdifferent regions. FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics offered a reliable method for quality assurance ofmangosteen pericarp